Weizenbaum named his program ELIZA after Eliza Doolittle, a working-class character in George Bernard Shaw's Pygmalion. The algorithms of DOCTOR allowed for a deceptively intelligent response, which deceived many individuals when first using the program. Weizenbaum chose to make the DOCTOR script in the context of psychotherapy to "sidestep the problem of giving the program a data base of real-world knowledge", as in a Rogerian therapeutic situation, the program had only to reflect back the patient's statements. ELIZA itself examined the text for keywords, applied values to said keywords, and transformed the input into an output the script that ELIZA ran determined the keywords, set the values of keywords, and set the rules of transformation for the output. While ELIZA is best known for acting in the manner of a psychotherapist, the speech patterns are due to the data and instructions supplied by the DOCTOR script. Joseph Weizenbaum's ELIZA, running the DOCTOR script, was created to provide a parody of "the responses of a non-directional psychotherapist in an initial psychiatric interview" and to "demonstrate that the communication between man and machine was superficial". The source-code is of high historical interest as it demonstrates not only the specificity of programming languages and techniques at that time, but also the beginning of software layering and abstraction as a means of achieving sophisticated software programming.Ī conversation between a human and ELIZA's DOCTOR script However, more recently the MAD-SLIP source-code has now been discovered in the MIT archives and published on various platforms, such as. The original ELIZA source-code had been missing since the 1960s as it was not common to publish articles that included source code at this time. However, many early users were convinced of ELIZA's intelligence and understanding, despite Weizenbaum's insistence to the contrary. While ELIZA was capable of engaging in discourse, it could not converse with true understanding. Many academics believed that the program would be able to positively influence the lives of many people, particularly those with psychological issues, and that it could aid doctors working on such patients' treatment. He was surprised and shocked that individuals, including Weizenbaum's secretary, attributed human-like feelings to the computer program. ĮLIZA's creator, Weizenbaum, intended the program as a method to explore communication between humans and machines. As such, ELIZA was one of the first chatterbots (“chatbot” modernly) and one of the first programs capable of attempting the Turing test. The most famous script, DOCTOR, simulated a psychotherapist of the Rogerian school (in which the therapist often reflects back the patient's words to the patient), and used rules, dictated in the script, to respond with non-directional questions to user inputs. Whereas the ELIZA program itself was written (originally) in MAD-SLIP, the pattern matching directives that contained most of its language capability were provided in separate "scripts", represented in a lisp-like representation. Created to explore communication between humans and machines, ELIZA simulated conversation by using a pattern matching and substitution methodology that gave users an illusion of understanding on the part of the program, but had no representation that could be considered really understanding what was being said by either party. ELIZA is an early natural language processing computer program created from 1964 to 1966 at MIT by Joseph Weizenbaum.
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